A Morphosyntactic Study of Verb Phrases in Shahpuri

Authors

  • MUHAMMAD AFZAL Government College University Faisalabad Author
  • Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Qasim Government College University, Faisalabad Author
  • Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Chohan Govt Islamia Graduate College Civil Lines Lahore Author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6142-2732

Keywords:

Morphosyntax, documentation, description, Shahpuri

Abstract

The present study describes the morphosyntactic features of the Shahpuri verb phrase. Shahpuri is a dialect of Punjabi spoken mainly in Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from native speakers living in rural areas of the Sargodha Division (Sargodha, Khushab, Mianwali, and Bhakkar) through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. 40 participants participated in interviews (10 from each district), and 32 took part in focus group discussions (eight from each district) (N = 72). A descriptive approach was used to analyze the data. The findings show that Shahpuri displays distinct morphosyntactic features of verb phrases that differ from other Punjabi dialects. Number, gender, case, tense, and aspect play key roles in shaping verb phrase structure. The study contributes to preserving the Shahpuri dialect and highlights the importance of documenting local languages of Pakistan.

References

Abbi, A. (1992). Reduplication in South Asian languages: An areal, typological and historical study. Allied Publishers.

Abbi, A. (2001). A manual of linguistic field work and structures of Indian languages. (No Title).

Afzal, M., Qasim, H. M., & Chohan, M. N. (2024). Morphosyntactic analysis of Shahpuri noun phrase. Kurdish Studies, 12(2), 6984–6995. https://doi.org/10.53555/ks.v12i2.3783

Anderson, S. R. (1986). Disjunctive ordering in inflectional morphology. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 4(1), 1-31.

Aronoff, M., & Fudeman, K. (2011). What is morphology? (Vol. 8): John Wiley & Sons.

Austin, P. K. (2014). Language documentation in the 21st century. JournaLIPP, (3), 57-71.

Babrakzai, F. (1999). Topics in Pashto syntax [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.

Bashir, E., & Conners, T. J. (2019). A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki (Vol. 4). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.

Bedi, T. (1998). Ethnonationalism and the politics of identity: the cases of Punjab and Assam. 379–403.

Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. (2008). The handbook of bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing.

Bhatt, R. (2007). Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages. Paper presented at the Talk given at the MIT Ergativity Seminar.

Bhatt, R. M. (2005). Long distance agreement in Hindi-Urdu. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 23(4), 757–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-004-4130-0

Bhatti, Z. I. (2021). A corpus-based descriptive study of morphosyntactic features of Thali (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Management and Technology, Lahore.

Bickford, J. A. (1998). Tools for analyzing the world’s languages: Morphology and syntax. Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Bowern, C. (2010). Fieldwork and the IRB: A snapshot. Language, 86(4), 897–905.

Butt, M. (1995). The structure of complex predicates in Urdu. CSLI Publications.

Butt, M., & King, T. H. (2004). The status of case. In V. Dayal & A. Mahajan (Eds.), Clause structure in South Asian languages (pp. 153–198). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2719-2_6

Campbell, L. (1991). The linguistic relationships among the languages of South Asia. Oxford University Press.

Chelliah, S. (2013). Fieldwork for language description. Research methods in linguistics, 51-73.

Chohan, M. N. (2022). Phonemic description and codification of Shahpuri with reference to Majhi – a dialect of the Punjabi language [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Management and Technology.

Chohan, M. N., & Garcia, M. I. M. (2022). PHONEMIC COMPARISON OF MAJHI AND SHAHPURI-DIALECTS OF PUNJABI. Jahan-e-Tahqeeq, 5(1), 159-168.

Comrie, B., Haspelmath, M., & Bickel, B. (2008). Leipzig glossing rules. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php

Cook, V. (2013). The language of the street. Applied Linguistics Review, 4(1), 43-81.

Crowley, T. (2007). Field Linguistics: A Beginner’s guide. Oxford University Press.

Crystal, D. (1980). Neglected grammatical factors in conversational English. Logman.

Dressler, W. U. (2018). Independent, dependent and interdependent variables in language decay and language death. European Review, 26(1), 120-129.

Embick, D., & Halle, M. (2001). Aspects of the Latin Conjugation in Distributed Morphology. Cambridge, Mass MITWPL.

Furbee, N. L. (2010). Language documentation: Theory and practice. In L. A. Grenoble & N. L. Furbee (Eds.), Language documentation: Practice and values (pp. 3–24). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Garcia, M. I. M., & Sandhu, A. H. (2015). Language and dialect: Criteria and historical evidence. Grassroots, 49(1), 203-218.

Ghai, W., & Singh, N. (2013). Phone based acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition for punjabi language.

Gill, H. S., & Gleason, H. A. (1969). A reference grammar of Punjabi. Patiala, India: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University.

Grierson, G. A. (1916). Linguistic survey of India (Vol. 9, Pt. 1): Indo-Aryan family (Central group): Specimens of the Western Hindī and Pañjābī. Superintendent of Government Printing.

Grinevald, C., & Bert, M. (2011). Speakers and communities. InP. K. Austin & J. Sallabank (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of endangered languages (pp. 45–65). Cambridge University Press.

Hale, K., & Keyser, S. (1993). On Argument Structure and the Lexical Expression of Syntactic Relations. The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, 53-109.

Halle, M., & Marantz, A. (1993). Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inflection. The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, 111-176.

Harley, H., & Noyer, R. (1999). Distributed Morphology. Glot international, 4(4), 3-9.

Hasan, W. (2022). A morphosyntactic description of Dhani [Doctoral dissertation, University of Management and Technology Lahore]. Higher Education Commission Pakistan Repository. http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/20999

Haspelmath, M., & Sims, A. (2010). Understanding Morphology (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education.

Himmelmann, N. P. (1998). Documentary and descriptive linguistics. Linguistics, 36(1), 161–195.

Himmelmann, N. P. (2006). Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for? In J. Gippert, N. P. Himmelmann, & U. Mosel (Eds.), Essentials of language documentation (pp. 1–30). Mouton de Gruyter. https://elldo.amu.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Himmelmann2006.pdf

John, A. S. H. E. R. (2009). Two dialects, one region [Doctoral dissertation, Ball State University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Joven-Romero, M. A. (2020). Minority languages and territorial rights. In Global encyclopedia of territorial rights (pp. 1–7). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Kaur, G. (2023). Status of Punjabi language and its dialects (A macro study in special reference to new Punjabi cinema). International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(10), 2824-2827.

Khan, A. (2000). Linguistic researches of the northwestern languages of Pakistan. University of Peshawar.

Khan, J. A. (1996). Two historical works on Punjab: Gulshan-i-Punjab and Makhzan-i-Punjab. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 44(4), 309-334.

Kibort, A. (2007, 1 November). What are Morphosyntactic Features. Retrieved from http://www.grammaticalfeatures.net/inventory.html#second8

Krauss, M. (1992). The world's languages in crisis. Language, 68(1), 4-10.

Lothers, L., & Lothers, M. D. (2007). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (FLI Language and Culture Series, 2). Frontier Language Institute.

Lunsford, W. A. (2001). An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan. The University of Texas at Arlington.

Marantz, A. (1992). How morphemes are realized phonologically. Paper presented at the DIMACs workshop, Princeton University.

Marantz, A. (1997). No escape from syntax: Don't try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. University of Pennsylvania working papers in linguistics, 4(2), 14.

Masica, C. P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge University Press.

Matthews, D. J. (2003). Urdu language and education in India. Social Scientist, 31 (5 –6), 57-72.

Munshi, S. (2018). Srinagar Burushaski: A descriptive and comparative account with analyzed texts. Brill.

Newman, P., & Ratliff, M. S. (Eds.). (2001). Linguistic fieldwork. Cambridge University Press.

Noyer, R. (2006). Distributed morphology.

Perder, E. (2013). A grammatical description of Dameli [Doctoral dissertation, Stockholm University]. Department of Linguistics.

Plungjan, V. A. (2000). Obščaja morfologija: vvedenie v problematiku;[učebnoe posobie]. Ėditorial URSS.

Rahman, T. (2009). Language, education, and culture in Pakistan. Oxford University Press.

Ruffolo, R. (2004). Topics in the morpho-syntax of Ibaloy, Northern Philippines (Doctoral dissertation, Australian National University).

Schmidt, R. L. (2005). Urdu: An essential grammar. Routledge.

Schultze-Berndt, E. (2015). Language documentation. In T. Kiss & A. Alexiadou (Eds.), Syntax: Theory and analysis. An international handbook (pp. 2063–2094). De Gruyter.

Shackle, C. (1970). Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3), 239–258.

Shackle, C. (1977). Siraiki: A language movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3),

Shackle, C. (1979). Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab. Transactions of the Philological Society, 77(1), 191–210.

Shackle, C. (2003). Punjabi. In G. Cardona & D. Jain (Eds.), The Indo-Aryan languages (Language Family Series, pp. 581–621). Routledge.

Storch, A. (2011). Secret manipulations: Language and context in Africa. Oxford University Press.

Temple, R. C. (1883). Punjabi notes and queries [Manuscript].

Thieberger, N. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of linguistic fieldwork. Oxford University Press.

Ting, J., & Hsu, Y. Y. (Eds.). (2024). Linguistic interfaces in East-Asian languages: A festschrift in honor of Yoshihisa Kitagawa. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4445-1

Tolstaya, N. I. (1981). The Panjabi language: A descriptive grammar (Vol. 2). Routledge.

Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and dictionary of Western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur District, with proverbs, sayings, and verses. Punjab Government Press.

Woodbury, A. C. (2003). Defining documentary linguistics. Language Documentation and Description, 1, 35–51.

Zia, W. (2011). Pakistan 6th population and housing census. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.

Downloads

Published

2026-04-29